Communicating causality

Causality

Causality, Conditional Exogeneity, and Granger Causality

We relate notions of structural causality and conditional exogeneity as de…ned in White and Chalak (2006) (WC) to the concept of Granger causality. We show that given conditional exogeneity, structural non-causality implies retrospective Granger non-causality, an extension of the classical Granger (1969) non-causality condition. We also provide a form of converse to this result and tests for re...

K-causality coincides with stable causality

It is proven thatK-causality coincides with stable causality, and that in a K-causal spacetime the relation K coincides with the Seifert’s relation. As a consequence the causal relation “the spacetime is strongly causal and the closure of the causal relation is transitive” stays between stable causality and causal continuity.

Communicating with Patients in Heart Care Department

به نظر می رسد نسبت به ۳۰ سال گذشته، هم اکنون پرستاران تمایل بیشتری به افشاء پیش آگهی نهایی بیماران محتضر دارند. نواک و همکاران (۱۹۷۹) الگوهای ارتباطی در حال تغییر پزشکان در رابطه با بیماران محتضر را که بوسیله سه مطالعه امریکایی گزارش شده بود مورد بررسی مجدد قرار دادند. تعداد پزشکان که حاضر به افشاء وضعیت بیمار محتضر نبودند از ۲ تا ۸۸ متغیر بود. در مطالعه ای که بوسیله مکینتاش در دهه ۱۹۷۰ در انگل...

Three-Dimensional Image of A Communicating Uterus

Recent advances in reproductive medicine have created a demand for more accurate and safe imaging modalities before assisted reproductive treatment(ART) (1). Gradually, the important role of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography in the diagnosis of uterine congenital anomalies has been proved (2-4).